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App. Res. of Comp. Accepted Paper
Vol. 42, 2025 No. 3

S-Raft: enhanced Byzantine and crash tolerance Raft algorithm

Wang Zhuang1,2
Xu Cheng1,2
Dai Songyin1,2
Liu Hongzhe1,2
Li Xuewei1
1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Information Service Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China
2. School of Robotics (School of Artificial Intelligence), Beijing Union University, Beijing 100101, China
DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2024.06.0245

Abstract

The traditional Raft consensus algorithm is widely used in private chains due to its simplicity and crash fault tolerance, but it cannot solve the problems caused by malicious behavior from Byzantine nodes. Based on the in-depth analysis of existing research results, we propose an enhanced Byzantine and crash fault-tolerant consensus algorithm based on Raft, called S-Raft (Stability-Raft) , to solve the core problems such as Byzantine nodes forging identities, vote splitting, and illegal replacement of leaders in elections. We introduce a faulty heartbeat log mechanism to prevent Byzantine nodes from obtaining majority votes by broadcasting fault information. We implement an election timeout period optimization strategy to deal with vote splitting. We also propose a node stability evaluation algorithm that combines continuity penalties and a time decay factor to accurately assess node stability and reduce communication redundancy caused by frequent failures. Experimental results show that, compared to Raft and PBFT, the S-Raft algorithm achieves significant improvements in Byzantine fault tolerance while maintaining high throughput and low consensus latency. Therefore, S-Raft demonstrates strong Byzantine and crash fault tolerance.

Foundation Support

国家自然科学基金(62102033,62171042)、北京市重点科技项目(KZ202211417048)、北京市属高等学校高水平科研创新团队建设支持计划项目(BPHR20220121)、北京市自然科学基金项目(4232026,4242020)、北京联合大学学术研究项目(ZKZD202302,ZK20202403,ZK10202404)

Publish Information

DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2024.06.0245
Publish at: Application Research of Computers Accepted Paper, Vol. 42, 2025 No. 3

Publish History

[2024-12-03] Accepted Paper

Cite This Article

王壮, 徐成, 代松银, 等. S-Raft：一种增强拜占庭和崩溃容错的Raft算法 [J]. 计算机应用研究, 2025, 42 (3). (2024-12-16). https://doi.org/10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2024.06.0245. (Wang Zhuang, Xu Cheng, Dai Songyin, et al. S-Raft: enhanced Byzantine and crash tolerance Raft algorithm [J]. Application Research of Computers, 2025, 42 (3). (2024-12-16). https://doi.org/10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2024.06.0245. )

About the Journal

  • Application Research of Computers Monthly Journal
  • Journal ID ISSN 1001-3695
    CN  51-1196/TP

Application Research of Computers, founded in 1984, is an academic journal of computing technology sponsored by Sichuan Institute of Computer Sciences under the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province.

Aiming at the urgently needed cutting-edge technology in this discipline, Application Research of Computers reflects the mainstream technology, hot technology and the latest development trend of computer application research at home and abroad in a timely manner. The main contents of the journal include high-level academic papers in this discipline, the latest scientific research results and major application results. The contents of the columns involve new theories of computer discipline, basic computer theory, algorithm theory research, algorithm design and analysis, blockchain technology, system software and software engineering technology, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, architecture, advanced computing, parallel processing, database technology, computer network and communication technology, information security technology, computer image graphics and its latest hot application technology.

Application Research of Computers has many high-level readers and authors, and its readers are mainly senior and middle-level researchers and engineers engaged in the field of computer science, as well as teachers and students majoring in computer science and related majors in colleges and universities. Over the years, the total citation frequency and Web download rate of Application Research of Computers have been ranked among the top of similar academic journals in this discipline, and the academic papers published are highly popular among the readers for their novelty, academics, foresight, orientation and practicality.

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